The 税 Cuts 和 Jobs Act changed some tax rules that may affect you. The IRS put together a fact sheet that sums up the changes. They concern tax rates, accounting methods 和 capitalization 和 deductions. 例如, for tax years starting after 12/31/17, 税法不再要求农民在满足“总收入”测试的情况下对库存进行核算. 在这里了解更多细节.
贬值对. 库存
Livestock held primarily for sale by for-profit farmers must be included in inventory. 然而, 供吃水用的牲畜, 繁殖, 或者奶牛的用途可以包括在存货中，也可以根据农民的选择折旧. Both options have advantages 和 disadvantages, 所以最终的决定是基于农民更喜欢当前的利益还是未来的利益.
如果农民选择让牲畜贬值，他们将得到当期折旧扣除. 然而, 这将减少农民在牲畜上的基础，从而增加出售牲畜时的任何收益.
也, 任何未来的销售收益，不超过折旧金额，将按正常税率征税. If, 另一方面, farmers choose to inventory the livestock, 他们将放弃当前的折旧扣除，但任何未来的资本利得都将以更低、更优惠的资本利得税率征税.
Farmers should consider this decision 和 its impacts carefully, 因为一旦选择了方法, it cannot be changed unless authorized by the Commissioner.
折旧方法
If farmers decide to depreciate their livestock, depreciation will begin when the livestock is mature (i.e., can be worked, milked, or bred). Most farm business assets are depreciated using the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery 系统 (MACRS)包括两种折旧制度:一般折旧制度(GDS)和替代折旧制度(ADS).
Generally, GDS must be used unless ADS is required by law or elected. 牛的恢复期, 山羊, 和 sheep under the GDS method is five years, while the recovery period for hogs is three years. These recovery periods remain the same under the ADS method except for cattle, which increases to a seven-year recovery period.
对3 -, 5-, 7-, or 10-year property placed in service before 2018, 在GDS恢复期(上面讨论过)，农民被要求使用150%余额递减法，除非选择使用直线法. For property placed in service after 2017, 这些类型的财产默认使用200%余额递减法折旧.
所有购买的牲畜被认为是有形的个人财产，因此有资格在下列项下扣除折旧 第179节. 那些回收期在20年或更短的公司也有资格获得奖金折旧费. For qualified property acquired prior to September 28, 2017, 并于2018年投入使用, 如果最初的财产使用从你开始，有40%的红利折旧费. For qualified property acquired after September 27, 2017, 奖金折旧费是100%，房产可以是新的，也可以是某些使用过的房产.
值得注意的是，农民可以在饲养牲畜的年份中扣除饲养牲畜的成本. 如果扣除这些费用, the basis of the livestock is zero 和, 因此, these costs cannot be depreciated.
库存的方法
If a lower tax rate on a future capital gain is preferred by farmers, they should chose to inventory their livestock. There are two inventory methods available.
The simplest method is called the 烟草价格的方法. 这种方法为存货的估价提供了市场价格减去处置直接成本的方法.
The other inventory method available is the unit-livestock-price method. To determine the valuation under this method, livestock are classified into groups with respect to age 和 kind. 然后, a price for each class is established, taking into account the normal cost of raising those animals. 采用单位牲畜价格法的农民必须每年重新评估单位价格，并向上或向下调整，以反映牲畜饲养成本的变化.
Treatment 和 Calculation of Gain on Sale
Sales of livestock are reported on 4797年形成, 出售商业物业. 收益的计算取决于这些动物是由农民饲养还是购买的.
出售牲畜的收益 提高了 农民按销售费用和总销售价格之间的差额计算, 假设基础为零，因为饲养牲畜的成本在饲养牲畜的年份中被扣除.
出售牲畜的收益 购买 由农民计算是通过从总销售价格中减去调整后的基础和销售费用.
对收益的处理取决于该财产是否符合第1231条的规定. As stated in Section 1231(b)(3), to qualify as property used in trade or business, livestock must be held by the taxpayer for draft, 繁殖, 乳制品, or sporting purposes for at least twelve months (twenty-four for cattle 和 horses). 在正常经营过程中主要为出售给客户而持有的任何牲畜不符合资格.
If the Section 1231 holding period is met 和 the livestock was 购买, any gain is reported on Part III of 4797年形成. 其他符合持有期限的，损益按第一部分报告. If the Section 1231 holding period is not met, any gain or loss from the sale is reported on Part II of 4797年形成, 一般损益.
There are many different methods available to account for livestock, 和 it is important that farmers be knowledgeable of their options. 是否对其牲畜进行折旧或盘存，必须在农场运作开始时作出决定，如无署长许可，不得更改. 这些不同的选择使得农民必须利用税务专业人员所能提供的税务筹划服务.
阿曼达·汉斯莱 serves as a Manager to the 税 Department in the 诺克斯维尔 office. Am和a joined the firm in November of 2011. 她在田纳西大学诺克斯维尔分校(University of Tennessee at 诺克斯维尔)获得会计学工商管理学士学位和会计学硕士学位.
LBMC的税务专业人员可以帮助最大限度地减少税务负担，并在持续的基础上提供关键信息，以协助日常运营.
LBMC税务提示是为客户和公司的朋友提供信息和教育服务. 该沟通是高层次的，不应被视为采取任何具体行动的法律或税务建议. 个人在做出任何与税收或法律相关的决定之前，应该咨询他们的个人税收或法律顾问. 除了, the information 和 data presented are based on sources believed to be reliable, but we do not guarantee their accuracy or completeness. 本资料于注明日期为准，如有更改，恕不另行通知.